Medical School And Becoming A Doctor - 1282 Words

First, I plan to attend Auburn for four years under a pre-med major. I plan on taking difficult classes that will further my knowledge in medicine. Then, I plan on going to medical school and becoming a doctor. To do this, I will have to work hard and concentrate on my school work. I was unsure which field I want specialize in (Anesthesiology, Pediatrics, Pharmacist), but hopefully throughout the course of my education, I will narrow it down. I am currently enrolled in a medical program. The program is offered to high school seniors who have a strong interest in medicine. The application involved an essay, teacher recommendations, transcripts and SAT scores. On Mondays and Wednesdays, I go to a school of health sciences and learn Anatomy and Physiology, on Tuesday and Thursday I attend Penn State Berks, and go to a chemistry lab and chemistry lecture. Then on Friday, I shadow different units of the hospital. My favorite rotation is the surgical unit, I think this could potentiall y be the area I specialize. This program is an amazing insight into the lives of hospital and confirmed my thoughts about working in one. Four years ago, I told my parents that I was interested in a career involving medicine. I really wanted to help people, and at the time, I did not think I would be comfortable working in the hospital, the thought of sick, dying people all in one place terrified me. My grandmother being admitted to the hospital shortly before her death did notShow MoreRelatedBecoming A Medical Doctor At The University Of Maryland School Of Medicine964 Words   |  4 Pageselementary school to attending the University of Maryland College Park. That said, just like the true identity of a gold is determined by putting it in a glowing fire, I believe, the true passion of one’s self can only be revealed after overcoming many obstacles. Therefore, I believe the challenges that I had to go through have made me who I now am and aspired me to study medicine at the University of Maryland School of Medicine. Since I was a boy, I was fascinated about becoming a medical doctor. ButRead MoreA Career as a Pediatrician Essay1632 Words   |  7 Pagesserious. Some of us wanted to be teachers, business owners, or a veterinarian. However, I have always wanted to be a doctor, but not just any doctor. For as long as I can remember, I have wanted to be a pediatrician. Now, half way through my junior year in high school, I have started to question the details of this career, and all the hard work it takes to become a part of the medical field. What I Know I know pediatricians are people who carry their career with them wherever they go. PediatriciansRead MoreBecoming a Doctor Speech Essay854 Words   |  4 Pagesexact time when I decided to become a doctor. I was only eight years old and I was visiting my grandpa who had just had a life risking surgery and came out the other end okay. At this age I really don’t understand what all was going on. All I knew is the doctor had saved my grandpa, and I had more years to spend with him. When I walked into the room the doctor was standing over my grandpa and they were both laughing. That very moment I knew I wanted to become a doctor. I wanted to be the person that wouldRead MoreMedical Career Research Paper1369 Words   |  6 PagesThe medical field is a career path that brings about many options and opportunities of great value. The noble idea of being a doctor tends to cloud the diligent studying and precise training that is actually required for this career. I have wanted to bec ome a doctor since a very young age, and now that the opportunity is here for the taking, I have fully researched what it takes to succeed in this profession and various specialties of the practice. The road to a medical degree is one filled withRead MoreEagle Scout Ambition Essay701 Words   |  3 Pagesforemost ambition after becoming an Eagle Scout is to become a Doctor after graduating from Medical School. For me setting goals, are the steps to achieving my ambition. Without goals I would not progress on, which would prevent me from reaching my Ambition. Being an Eagle Scout has been a goal for me since I joined Cub Scouts in DATE. The Eagle Scout rank is a goal that, once completed will help me get into Medical School. Being an Eagle Scout will help me get into the medical school by showing my hardRead MoreBecoming A Doctor Is Not An Easy Process For Majority Of The Population1351 Words   |  6 PagesI find interesting and may pursue is a Pediatrics doctor. Pediatricians are doctors who specialize in children, ranging from new born babies to eighteen years old. Individuals interested in this field will need a sense of mentality and dedication to work hard. Becoming a doctor is not an easy process; it takes time, motivation, and interest for this type of career. Once an individual is half way through the schooling process of becoming a doctor, there’s honestly no point of return. There are manyRead MoreThe Career Of A Pediatrician1741 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction There are several health-related occupations, but the most interesting is the career of a Pediatrician. Pediatricians are the primary health care providers for infants and children . Other titles associated with this job includes, â€Å"Baby Doctor†, â€Å"Physician†, or â€Å"Pediatric†. Their main job is to treat children with illnesses, monitor their growth and health, and help prevent illnesses and diseases (General pediatrician).Additionally, pediatricians also have other job duties as well. ThisRead MoreAn Aspirant’s Tentative Look into the Field of Neurology1436 Words   |  6 Pages we dream of what we would like to be when we are adults. Some of us dream of becoming famous, others dream of careers that represent honor and prestige. Interestingly enough, at such a young most of us never consider the journey a career will require us to endure. Take becoming a neurologist for example; one could argue numerous ways of attaining such a position. It is a fact, however, that in the pursuit of a medical degree, the combination of major and minor during one’s undergraduate years isRead MoreMedicine And Becoming A Doctor785 Words   |  4 Pagesand now arthritic nodes on her fingers. These are some of the symptoms that I see, and am reminded of daily, when I am around my hardworking mother, who has motivated me to pursue a medical degree. My desire to learn about medicine and become a doctor did not start at a young age or even in high school. As a high school graduate going into college, my desire was to earn a science degree with the purpose of attaining an MPH. Overall, what intrigued me the most in this profession was its involvementRead MoreWhy I Become A Doctor802 Words   |  4 PagesHow to Become a Doctor in Canada When you want to use your hands to heal, a career as a doctor in Canada might offer the perfect future path. You ll help the people in your community overcome injuries and illnesses under your careful guidance. Doctors spend their days listening to their patients, offering healthy suggestions, and prescribing treatments and therapies. If you decide to become a surgeon, you ll operate on patients to resolve serious medical conditions. Alternatively, as a primary

Needle Exchange Programs Fighting The Hiv Epidemic

Needle Exchange Programs: Fighting the HIV Epidemic Nicole Worthem Lewis University Introduction Needle exchange programs (NEPs) are programs which provide sterile syringes to injection drug users (IDUs) in exchange for used needles (Strathdee, 2004). The theory behind these programs lies on the foundation of harm reduction and circulation theory (Strathdee, 2004). The principle of harm reduction suggests that providing access to sterile supplies for injection of drugs, if the user â€Å"cannot or will not† quit using injection drugs, decreases the risk of harm to the IDU and those in the surrounding community (Strathdee, 2004). Circulation theory proposes that NEPs decrease the amount of time that used needles (potentially contaminated with blood-borne disease) are in the community (Strathdee, 2004). In addition to provision of sterile injection supplies, NEPs provide many services that are essential to the health and wellness of IDUs in the community (CDC, 2005). According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), some of these services include: HIV/AIDS education and counseling’ condom distribution to prevent sexual transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases; referrals to substance abuse treatment and other medical and social services distribution of alcohol swabs to help prevent abscesses and other bacterial infections; on-site HIV testing and counseling and crisis intervention; screening for tuberculosis, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and otherShow MoreRelatedAnti Retroviral Drugs For Hiv Essay1337 Words   |  6 PagesHIV is a virus that affects all parts of the globe. However, there are two major global epidemics. The first being in the west and developing countries. In these areas the pattern of infection is found in certain groups. These groups being â€Å"drug injectors, gay men and prostitutes† (Pisani p. ) This epidemic is known as the â€Å"concentrated epidemic†. This particular pattern HIV spreads rapidly in a concentrated groups. This is because you are most likely to pass on the virus when you are in the firstRead MoreHow Has Aids Affected Our Society?1254 Words   |  6 Pagestouched the lives of millions of American families. This deadly disease is unlike any other in modern history. Changes in social behavior can be directly linked to AIDS. Its overall effect on society has been dramatic. It is unknown whether AIDS and HIV existed and killed in the U.S. and North America before the early 1970s. However in the early 1980s, deaths by opportunistic infections, previously observed mainly in tissue-transplant recipients receiving immunosuppressive therapy, were recognizedRead MoreDifference between HIV and AIDS1344 Words   |  5 PagesHIV and AIDS are not the same illness, one is more severe than the other. HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. This virus enters the human immune system, which is the body’s natural defense system, and attacks the body’s CD4 cells (T-cells), and over time, the virus destroys many cells leaving the body incapable of fighting off any infection as minor as a common cold. AIDS stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. This means that the body’s CD4 cells have fallen below 200 cells/mm3,Read MoreThe Epidemic Of South Africa1815 Words   |  8 Pages HIV is a virus that affects human immune systems making them susceptible to a variety of diseases that may prove fatal to the patient. Apparently the most affected by this disease are people who live in the developing countries and the African continent. The Sub-Saharan Africa faces the highest HIV prevalence rate. In this region, South Africa faces greater problems associated with HIV and the effects are vast and devastating. As such, the government, organizations and regional organizations comeRead More History of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Essay5178 Words   |  21 PagesAcquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), specific group of diseases or conditions that result from suppression of the immune system, related to infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A person infected with HIV gradually loses immune function along with certain immune cells called CD4 T-lymphocytes or CD4 T-cells, causing the infected person to become vulnerable to pneumonia, fungus infections, and other common ailments. With the loss of immuneRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?2575 Words   |  11 Pageswasted, but drug war spending has also resulted in the defunding of other important services. Money funneled into drug enforcement has meant less funding for more serious crime and has left essential education, health, social service and public safety programs struggling to operate on meager funding. The government should consider turning the cost to revenue by legalizing marijuana and grab the earning opportunity from the drug syndicates. Furthermore, prisoner s arrested for marijuana possession are costingRead MoreAge Of Aids Part 12563 Words   |  11 Pagesescalates. In the Bronx in 1981 a new case has been discovered. This time it was not amongst a gay individual or even because of sexual behavior, the risk this time was drug use. Users who are now contracting this have been on the rise because of shared needles. The republican party lead by the then president Ronal Reagan proved to be nothing more than a face with no ambition to trying to find out what this disease is. The negligence and disgusting tactics such as slanderous slogans placed on bumper stickersRead MoreHISTORICAL CONTEXT OF NURSING5706 Words   |  23 Pagesworst and has been called the dark period of nursing. Hospitals became places of horror as unsanitary conditions caused them to be a source of epidemics and disease. Taxation upon windows caused windows to be bricked up in places of the poor and hospitals, thus removing natural lighting and fresh air, creating further a situation which bred disease and epidemics. Because of the hard work, long hours, poor pay and poor food respectable women were not expected to do nursing. The majority of the workRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pageslogical—to reason logically. It demonstrates the usefulness of logical reasoning as a means to making more effective decisions about your own life—decisions about what to believe and decisions about what to do. The chapter begins a systematic program of study of all the major topics regarding logical reasoning. Along the way, the book focuses on developing the following five skills: (1) writing logically, (2) detecting inconsistency and lack of clarity in a group of sentences, (3) spotting issuesRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesPerformance Assessment 325 SKILL LEARNING 326 Increasing Motivation and Performance 326 Diagnosing Work Performance Problems 326 Enhancing Individuals’ Abilities 328 Fostering a Motivating Work Environment 330 Elements of an Effective Motivation Program 331 Establish Clear Performance Expectations 332 Remove Obstacles to Performance 334 Reinforce Performance-Enhancing Behavior 336 Provide Salient Rewards 344 Be Fair and Equitable 348 Provide Timely Rewards and Accurate Feedback 348 SKILL ANALYSIS

Rap Music Controversy free essay sample

Since rap music made its way to the music scene, it has been a topic of much dispute and argument. Rap music controversy seems to continuously grow parallel to the popularity of the music itself. People have been taking sides on the Issue on whether rap music Is proper or not -? or If It Is even to be considered as music In the first place. It all started smooth at first, the music was whimsical with a little funny scratching sound In the background. Hip-hop music with Its rhymes and wonderful low- frequency beat Is the music everybody dances to on the dance floor. Some elders say Its only a trend, Just the kids singing (and dancing) their heart out, nothing serious about It. However, music evolves as younger generations create a unique beat from time to time. Its as if every generation tries to define their identity with the music they create. We will write a custom essay sample on Rap Music Controversy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Suddenly, The Old Rap, which frolicked more on the rhythm than the lyrics, begins to emerge into a new form.The drumbeats resounded with cramming break beats, crazier scratching, and the biggest controversy of all -? content totally shifted. The lyrics morphed into nasty, violent, and scandalous words; moms and dads listen with contempt and swear not to let their kids get an ear for that kind of music, or noise, as they will probably call it. On the other hand, youngsters found rap appealing and they love jamming to it madly. Rap music controversy escalated when Gangs Rap was introduced to the world.The yards of so many songs talk about killing with the sounds of gun shots in the background. This level of rap was criticized because of its graphic sexual content and Its promotion of violence. Explicit lyrics include talks about drugs and women are referred to with derogatory adjectives. Rap continues to evoke a clash of Ideas and concepts between critics, who say rap music glorifies violence, and artists who are claiming their freedom to express themselves and tell their story.The mall criterion for rap music controversy Is the explicit lyrics and how they Influence young peoples way of life and speech. Rap so often talks about drugs, alcohol, and violence to be norms In life. Another reason why rap music controversy heated up Is with the Issue regarding women. Women are degraded In the lyrics, many people view rap as anta-female. Rap music is known to promote racism, violence, and contempt for women. Rap artists talk about rape, assault, and sexual harassment as though they are okay.Some people, however, argue that rap can provide listeners with valuable AP artists who do not use hate language on their lyrics. There are many positive messages coming from lyrics of certain rappers like Nas, Moms Defy, Black Eyed Peas, The Streets, and many other artists who prefer to keep their music clean and appropriate for everybody ears. Rap music controversy sprouts from content. Hopefully in the coming years, artists will become more thoughtful and use mindful words. If this happens, everyone will be amused and the rap music controversy dispute will eventually end.

Wildlife Essays - Hunting, United States Fish And Wildlife Service

Wildlife Refuge Gray Lodge Wildlife Area, located in Butte County of Northern California, serves many purposes to surrounding communities, including wildlife. Divided in two segments, this refuge serves the wildlife and recreational desires of visitors; one segment is for the waterfowl to rest, and the other designated for hunting. Approximately 50,000 visitors come to this Wildlife refuge every year. Various activities and events bring spectators of nature and sport hunting year round, regardless of weather. Hunting is only allowed three days a week in the season designated. Visitors travel here to observe waterfowl in courtship activities, migration, or to bird watch in general. Of the 50k visitors every year, 15,000 are hunters. Through fees paid for the privilege to hunt this protected area, the hunters pay for the luxury of viewers or spectators. Grey Lodge Wildlife Area when first bought in 1931, being only 2,500 acres and 9,200 acres presently. An abundant water supply is needed to manage this area, with most water coming from Lake Oroville. Although a wildlife refuge areas are initially viewed as natural, they factually are not different from any ranch. The land is totally managed, with the same tactics and equipment, with one thing different; this being the harvesting of crops. All crops are actually harvested by the waterfowl and wildlife. In parts of the year, marshes are burned, and some land is disked to regenerate new growth. The management of this area is a 365-day job, with flooding, seasonal hazards, and poachers. Forty percent of management time is spent on water management, being the whole livelihood to the refuge area. Along with bird watching sites and special segments for hunting, there are special access sites for the disabled hunters. These are special blinds accessible with a placard from the Department of Motor Vehicles, and are an outcome from the Americans with Disabilities Act, or ADA. The walkway to these special blinds is laid with sand and other materials, somewhat solidifying, for the use of a wheelchair. Like any community, disease and sickness occur in the wildlife area. Prompt action is vital to the population of waterfowl, and overall wildlife. Fowl Cholera is a nasal born disease occurring during a severe cold spell, or water conditions available just are not right. Mammals and small rodents are also known to perish as a result from this disease. All waterfowl and animals need be disposed, for the attempt to save remaining in jeopardy. Vegetation management is also an issue on this wildlife refuge. The use of herbicide to control various exotic, unwanted, class one pests is common. The Arundo, a giant bamboo cane, is a flood control inhibitor, and difficult to do away with. Most of the biomass to this plant is underground and in this area. Grey Lodge in the fourth year of treatment has an Arundo Eradication Team, emphasizing the need to rid of this weed. Other plants on this wildlife refuge native, or not; desirable or not; are-milkweed (undesirable), native blackberry (desirable), non-native blackberry (undesirable), and parrots feather (undesirable aquatic weed). Summary Gray Lodge Wildlife Area, located in Butte County of Northern California, serves many purposes to surrounding communities, including wildlife. Divided in two segments, this refuge serves the wildlife and recreational desires of visitors; one segment is for the waterfowl to rest, and the other designated for hunting. Only three days of the week are designated as hunting days, leaving the other four to strictly sightseeing and management time. The three days of hunt are Wednesday, Saturday, and Sunday. The privilege to hunt includes a fee, which in turn, allows other events on the refuge to be free of fees. Approximately 50,000 visitors come to this Wildlife refuge every year. Visitors travel here to observe waterfowl in courtship activities, migration, or to bird watch in general. All crops are actually harvested by the waterfowl and wildlife. Vegetation management is also an issue on this wildlife refuge. Other plants on this wildlife refuge native, or not; desirable or not; are-milkweed (undesirable), native blackberry (desirable), non-native blackberry (undesirable), and parrots feather (undesirable aquatic weed).

7 Expressions and Ideas About Elephants

7 Expressions and Ideas About Elephants 7 Expressions and Ideas About Elephants 7 Expressions and Ideas About Elephants By Mark Nichol The elephant, thanks to its majestic size and unusual features, has inspired an assortment of metaphors and other verbal associations. â€Å"The elephant in the room,† for example, refers to an obvious issue that observers go out of their way to ignore. A more complicated connotation is that of a white elephant, an undesirable possession often donated alongside other like items at a fund-raising white-elephant sale on the assumption that someone else will find value in it. This usage is a dilution of the original meaning, based on the custom among the kings of Siam of offering a rare white elephant to noblemen who had fallen out of favor. The unfortunate recipient would then soon be financially ruined by the cost of maintaining such a beast. From this connotation arose the usage of â€Å"white elephant† to refer to a massively expensive, wasteful construction project. A pink elephant, on the other hand, is supposedly the likely hallucination of a drunk person. â€Å"Seeing the elephant,† by contrast, alludes to the onetime novelty of the animal, when people would travel far to view one in a circus parade or under the big top itself; thus, any overwhelming experience could be compared to this memorable observation. Then there’s the elephant test, which refers to the idea that an elephant is difficult to describe, but one knows it when one sees it. And sight, or the lack of it, is integral to a story told of six blind men who gave conflicting descriptions of an elephant because though each was giving an opportunity to touch one, they felt different parts: the trunk, a tusk, an ear, a leg, the stomach, and the tail. There’s also the concept of an elephant in Cairo, based on the idea of an algorithm computer programmers would develop to describe how to hunt elephants in Africa, involving a methodical sweep of the entire continent from south to north. This analog for creating a search algorithm refers to the placement of an elephant in the city in the far northeast corner of Africa to provide a termination point for the search process in case an elephant is not otherwise discovered. Two other associations of elephants are their well-documented superior intelligence and memory, and their fallacious fear of mice, perhaps based on observations in zoos and circuses of elephants, which have poor eyesight, unnerved by the scurrying of rodents. Finally, the origin of the adjective jumbo is an elephant of that name owned and exhibited by master showman P. T. Barnum. His hyperbolic advertisements of the elephant’s size led to the adoption of the animal’s name as a synonym for colossal. (Elephantine, by the way, is another synonym, though it also refers to ponderousness.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Mostly Small But Expressive Interjections44 Resume Writing TipsUsing Writing Bursts to Generate Ideas and Enthusiasm

Sophocles, Oedipus, and the Nature of Family Essays

Sophocles, Oedipus, and the Nature of Family Essays Sophocles, Oedipus, and the Nature of Family Paper Sophocles, Oedipus, and the Nature of Family Paper Family creates a sense of identity for each individual. In the case of Oedipus the King, identity is a very important concept as it helps one establish one’s integrity. One of the themes of the play is the importance and value of family; this gives the tragedy the sense of ‘not knowing’ as it coincides with any prior knowledge that the characters may have of their fate. Sophocles creates the concept of family as an idea of origins; Oedipus enters a journey in which he tries to find himself, through this he subconsciously is on his way of finding his real family, even though he is not aware of it. In the play Oedipus Rex, the idea of the parent’s sins being passed onto their offspring is tested in the sense that Jocasta and Laius did not listen to the oracle, and that is why Oedipus ended up the way that he did. â€Å"Character is destiny† was a quote said by Heraclitus, which means that the character or personality of a certain person will affect their fate. In Oedipus’ case his character was predestined by the acts of his parents prior to him being birth. Jocasta and Laius received strict rules about having children; they did not listen to the oracle, which therefore lead to the death of Laius, which was done by his son, Oedipus. That also led to Oedipus and Jocasta falling in love and having children of their own. Laius and Jocasta were told by the oracle that if they were to have children, that child would kill the father and marry the mother. In order to prevent this Jocasta and Laius had someone send Oedipus into the mountains where he would die. However, they weren’t informed that Oedipus was actually given to another royal family, where he would grow up to be the prince of Corinth. Thinking that Oedipus has passed, the couple led their normal life. When Laius wa s murdered, it was not known that Oedipus was the person who committed the crime as they thought that he has died. Oedipus is aware of the message that the or

Discussion 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Discussion 3 - Assignment Example Carlyle seems to be a good actor by possessing some animal’s magnetism of the early days before the periods when drugs and mania took some tolls. Moreover, Hitler saw National Socialism to be minor compared to political movement but rather regarded it as a religious one since they mostly used the Blood Flag, Sacred oaths and religious rituals. The traditional religious holidays were later substituted by the Nazi holy days and now the calls for miracles of faith were seen as manifestations of Nazism’s quasi-religious characters. Kurt Ludecke who was a supporter of Hitler regarded National Socialism as a secular conversation of a new faith that will come by itself. Most of the Germans regarded Hitler as the messiah with respect to his vision. We get to realize that the Nazi leaders encouraged the messianic view of Hitler in almost all German schools. Through this, children were required to write composition comparing Jesus with Hitler. Song was made by the youth organization who were mainly boys known as Hitler Jungvolk. The song had a lot of praise to Hitler as the Lord, Savior and hero of Germans. Further, Hitler’s ability as the Speaker is seen as a major cause for his great success by arousing deep and passionate emotions to his listeners by his carefully prepared and set speeches. It could take him few minutes to express deepest desires and dreams to his listeners. It is revealed by one of his biographer that Hitler often practiced gesturing in front of a mirror in his Munich room on the Thierschstrasse that made him to constantly improve his techniques of public speaking. On the other side, Hitler is seen as an Ideologist whose main aim was to acquire power for him by many biographers. This is seen through h is clever manipulation of weaknesses of others for his own end. Moreover, this is also evident when he wrote Mein Kampf in the mid-1920s. Adolf Hitler’s Triumph of the will German about Propaganda and mass meetings

Humanities Class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Humanities Class - Essay Example In his work, Rousseau holds that the social interactions of individuals with each other are the root cause of all the wrongs happenings in the world and all the elements of corrupt individuals. He believed that when people are born, they are very free in state, their minds are not corrupted and they are pure as created by God. At that moment of time, the humans possess sense of love which is pure valuing someone’s existence in the world (Kant 1781). The individuals therefore hold a sense of harmony about themselves and those around them. But he adds that once humans become integrated with the social settings of the world like property ownership and interdependence, there is where unhealthy happenings occur in societies. It is where the sense of love disappears. He connects these unhealthy behaviours to the competition for resources and antagonism in the world among people. The following illustration outlines how cruelty originates from societal interactions (Hogarth 1751). In the text book, Rousseau believed that â€Å"human were originally pure and morally good in the eyes of others and originator† (Text book pg. 132). Humans lived together in a society that acted as a single large family where everyone loved and cared for one another. If one family lacked some basic need, the family could easily obtain it from the other family who had, they had shared responsibility. People grew together and lived together in harmony and mutual coexistence existed among them. They carried out their activities in unison (Hogarth 1751). There was division of responsibility where women became more sedentary and accustomed themselves to looking after the children while men went out to seek their common subsistence. The two sexes lived softer lives but unfortunately, the single individuals couldn’t fight the common enemy; the wild beasts. This therefore led to the grouping of the families

How I Learn to Driver Essay Example for Free

How I Learn to Driver Essay Learning something new can be a scary experience. One of the hardest things I’ve ever had to do was learn how to drive a car. I was always afraid driving a car especially on the freeway with a lot of fast running vehicles. However, I figured that driving was an important skill that I needed to learn. I also thought it would be very helpful. In additional, learning to drive a car also boosts my confidence. New situation always make me nervous, my first driving lesson was no exception. My husband was my driving instructor. He taught me from the very beginning, how to start an engine. Slowly stepped on the accelerator and as the car started to moved, I kept reminding myself I can do it. I was very nervous trying to control the car. While on the road, I had my full attention to the instructions my husband was telling me that I forgot I needed to focus on the road also. This is when I realized I needed to multi task in order to drive, which is something I’m not very good at. Not only do I have to fully understand what my husband was telling me, I needed to also watch the road and control both the accelerator and maneuver. Learning how to drive was not easy for me at all, especially having my husband as my instructor, whom is very impatient. On the first few days he was teaching me, he was not able to control his anger. He would yell at me on every small mistake I had. Which made me even more nervous, also could not fully focus on my driving. But as more days passed, he learned how to be patient on me. He became very understanding, accepted that I am still in the learning process on how to drive. It made things easier for me because I did not have to deal with him yelling at me, he told me the instructions politely instead. This help me understand his instructions better, focused on the road more and less nervous. After a few weeks of driving around with my husband, I got used to driving. I learned most of the things I needed to learn on driving a car. It boosts my confidence to know what I was doing and was doing well on it. I realized that I was a lot more confident than to the day I first started. It made me feel really good inside to know this. My husband then taught me the hardest parts of driving, like how to park between two cars. It was a struggle because it was completely different to driving on the road. This time I have to deal with two parked cars that do not have drivers in it to prevent me from hitting their cars. Thus, it was all on me, I had all the control. It was up to me whether I end up hitting their car or not. It was a lot of pressure but after a long process being very careful, I made it in, without any scratches on any of the cars. I felt so accomplished. As I learned almost everything on driving, from learning how to drive and park and also the traffic laws, I began to feel very right with no nervousness at all. That’s when it hit me; I know how to drive already. I can be in the road by myself and know that nothing bad will happen. It was a wonderful feeling, the feelings of triumph and success. Learning to drive was not easy for me, but in the end my persistence paid off. Not only I did learn how to drive and to conquer my fear driving in the freeway but also I learned to comprehend and obey its rules. Now when I am faced something new situation I feel less nervous. I may feel uncomfortable to begin with it, but I know that as I practice being in the situation, my skills will get better. I know that as long as I practice on it, I will feel more and more comfortable with it. Now I am not afraid to try something new, something I never thought I would get from learning how to drive. Learning how to drive is a wonderful feeling, free feeling when you achieve a goal you have set for yourself.

Catholic religion Essay example -- essays research papers

CATHOLIC RELIGION To belong to the church one must accept as factually true the gospel of Jesus as handed down in tradition and as interpreted by the bishops in union with the pope. The most important thing in this divine tradition is the Bible, its text determined and disseminated by the church. The church, according to the Roman Catholic catechism, is the only Christian body that is â€Å"one, holy, catholic (universal)†. The doctrine of apostolic succession is one of the key parts of the Catholic faith. It says that the pope (the vicar of Christ) and the bishops have in varying degrees the spiritual authority Jesus assigned to his apostles. The voice of the pope, either alone or in conjunction with his bishops in council, is regarded as infallible when speaking on matters of faith and morals taught in common with the bishops. Many features of the traditional teaching (dogma) have been analyzed and restated, by the councils and by great theologians. The chief teachings of the Catholic church are: God's interest in individual human beings, who can enter into relations with God, the Trinity, the divinity of Jesus, the immortality of the soul of each human being, each one being accountable at death for his or her actions in life, with the award of heaven or hell, the resurrection of the Christ, the historicity of the Gospels and the divine commission of the church. In addition the Roman Catholic Church stresses that since the members, living and dead, share in each other's merits,...

Pros and Cons of Nuclear Power in Usa

NUCLEAR POWER GEOGRAPHY HOMEWORK 10/27/2012 DAISY SOWAH FORM 5W PROS AND CONS OF NUCLEAR POWER IN THE USA Worldwide, there are 441 nuclear power plants that supply about 16 percent of the world's electricity. There are currently 104 operating U. S. nuclear power plants that produce over 20 percent of U. S. electricity. ADVANTAGES a) Nuclear power generation does emit relatively low amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2). The emissions of green house gases and therefore the contribution of nuclear power plants to global warming is therefore relatively little. USA is currently responsible for a quarter of all carbon dioxide emissions – an average of 40,000 pounds of carbon dioxide is released by each US citizen every year – the highest of any country in the world, and more than China, India and Japan combined, the increased used of nuclear power will do well to curb these emissions. b) High Load Factor – Nuclear Power Plants have very high load factors in excess of 80%.Th ey can generate power almost 24/7 and only require shutdown for periodic maintenance c) Huge   Potential –Nuclear Energy Potential is almost infinite compared to the limited and peak features of other forms of   energy like Wind,Geothermal,Oil,Gas and others. Only Solar Energy can be said to have more potential. d) Low Electricity Cost – The Electricity produced from Nuclear Power is quite low at around 3-5c/Kwh making it very attractive to construct hydro plants e) Low Fuel Cost – Large amounts of Nuclear Energy can be produced from the fission on radioactive elements like uranium.The costs of nuclear fuel is relatively   very low compared to other energy sources like coal and gas. Also uranium prices currently are quite low making the nuclear electricity price even lower. About $100 a poundof uranium but a barrel of Brent crude oil is $114 a barrel but lasts for a much shorter period of time CHALLENGES 1. Nuclear and Radiation Accidents – This is the biggest con for Nuclear Energy and has been repeated 3 times in the last 30 years in Japan, Russia and USA.The fear of a repeat is so great that despite all the safety arrangements touted by the nuclear equipment operators and suppliers, Nuclear Energy faces an uncertain future The worst nuclear accident in U. S. history took place on March 28, 1979 at the Three Mile Island plant in Pennsylvania. A cooling system failed, causing a partial meltdown, but a full meltdown was averted and there were no fatalities. However, despite the positive outcome and despite the passage of more than 30 years, the incident remains fresh in the minds of those who are old enough to remember it. 2.Nuclear Waste Disposal – Again a massive problem as the spent Nuclear Rods of Nuclear Reactors are prohibitively costly and difficult to dispose of. Spent nuclear fuel is initially very highly radioactive and so must be handled with great care and forethought. (10'000 years according to United State s Environmental Protection Agency standards). There is no foolproof way to dispose nuclear waste fuel after it is used in the Nuclear Reactors. The area around Nuclear Waste Sites can be dangerous to humans for hundreds of year as complex nuclear elements have half lives running into many years.The United States had accumulated more than 50,000 metric tons of spent nuclear fuel from nuclear reactors. Permanent storage underground in U. S. had been proposed at the Yucca but that project has now been effectively cancelled. There is presently no adequate safe long-term storage for radioactive and chemical waste produced from early reactors, such as those in Hanford, Washington, some of which will need to be safely sealed and stored for thousands of years. 3. Regulations – The Regulations for Nuclear Energy Power Plants are many and cumbersome due to the massive risks of a failure of a nuclear reactor.This greatly increases the costs of generating nuclear power. It also leads to a long time in the actual start to the completion of a Nuclear Plant . 4. Fuel Danger – Uranium which is the main fuel used in Nuclear Fission Power Plants is limited to a few countries and suppliers. Its use and transport is regulated by international treaties and groups. 5. Nuclear power is reliable, but a lot of money has to be spent on safety – if it does go wrong, a nuclear accident can be a major disaster. Despite a generally high security standard, accidents can still happen.It is technically impossible to build a plant with 100% security. A small probability of failure will always last. The consequences of an accident would be absolutely devastating both for human being as for the nature. The more nuclear power plants (and nuclear waste storage shelters) are built, the higher is the probability of a disastrous failure somewhere in the world. People are increasingly concerned about this – in the 1990's nuclear power was the fastest-growing source of power in much of the world. In 2005 it was the second slowest-growing. 6. The energy source for nuclear energy is Uranium.Uranium is a scarce resource, its supply is estimated to last only for the next 30 to 60 years depending on the actual demand. March 11, 2010 nightmare scenario: Terrorism at a nuke power plant. Nuclear meltdown. Level 7 core damage blows through the 6 foot thick reinforced containment structure releasing highly radioactive elements into the atmosphere and surrounding environment. 7. Nuclear power plants as well as nuclear waste could be preferred targets for terrorist attacks. No atomic energy plant in the world could withstand an attack similar to 9/11 in New York. Such a terrorist act would have catastrophic effects for the whole world.

Kodak vs. Fujifilm Essay

I began writing to show how business can quickly go out of business if the owners do not keep an eye on its public. Kodak failed to meet its customer’s needs, so the company could not keep up with demands. Have you ever gone shopping and found yourself searching for an item you have seen advertised in another store, only to be told that the item was out of stock or this store does not carry that product. This is what happens when supply does not keep up with demand. The company goes under, under the strain of their competitor’s reactiveness. Kodak needed to make changes sooner rather than later when their management made decisions that could help or hurt Kodak. Fuji constantly made changes and made the necessary changes to meet their customer’s needs. As a business owner being able to reach and understand each customer will help in sales so profits will rise. Many people continue to shop where products are cheap and convenient. Staying in business is knowing and meeting different people with different wants and needs and then helping them with finding an inexpensive means of finding them. That is the nature of business and a way to keep a customer satisfied. Building a relationship with customers is the most important aspect in business. If the business does not speak directly to its customer’s they will soon have a loss in customers. Management plays an important part in the structuring of a business if the manager is not being active in the search for new ideas. Therefore technics to improve the company that company will be lost. New  products must be advertised and sold in order to grow successfully. Ideas must be turned into products and problems concerning issues in a product must be changed into improvements for the customer. All these things must be completed to make sure there is a constant growth in business, so its sale s could be turned into capital to expand the business. Kodak vs. Fujifilm Growing up in a big family where parents loved taking pictures and capturing that special moment. Kodak and Fujifilm played an enormous role in many households around the world. When it comes to history and competition, management strategies play a key role in the way two competitive companies embrace innovation. Kodak and Fujifilm companies focus on both photography and imaging as their core businesses. Kodak had an upper hand by starting earlier than Fujifilm, 1888 compared to 1934 (Kodak and Fujifilm, 2012), Fujifilm adapted more to the market changes and currently still is a leading force in the film industry. Kodak was in bankruptcy protection since January 2012 under Chapter 11 with hopes to try to reconfigure its business strategies. Slow and comp lacey adaption dominated in Kodak Company’s while Fujifilm embraced diversified spirit in all aspects of the market relevance. Each company’s ethics and social approach clearly reflects their profitability to give back to the community. Production standards were maintained that satisfied all consumers. Possible changes of the decision-making process that would embrace flexibility and be the best way to ensure diversity and innovation in any organization. Describe the History and Core Business of Each Company Kodak Kodak was formally known as Eastman Kodak Company. The founder George Eastman (1888), patent and developed a technology that would change the way we see things in still life. Eastman launched the ease to photography, the first simple click camera, photography equipment, film, paper, and color chemicals. Kodak was making a profit by the 1990’s. (â€Å"Building the Foundation†, n.d.). Although Kodak developed the basic technology for the digital cameras in 1975, the idea was dropped due to the fear that it would threaten the film business (Williams, 2013). Kodak dropped the ball on what  would have been the biggest technology development in the film industry because they could not see the future without traditional film. Digital cameras are much faster and more efficient than the traditional film, so Kodak sales dropped considerably. Competition from other companies would eventually lead to Kodak’s loss of market shares in United States and worldwide. January of 2012, the company filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, and a year later, the court approved financing. Kodak, they sold patents to a group of companies: Apple, Microsoft, Google, and others. Fujifilm The Japanese company was founded in 1934 (Fujifilm, n. d.). They focused on photography and imaging. The company soon ruled the Japanese market, which was ranked second after the United States in film usage (Fujifilm, n. d.). Eventually, the company entered the global and American market with a bold move, using aggressive marketing and low prices (Fujifilm, n. d.). The turning point of the Fujifilm’s success in this venture was marked by the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics (Fujifilm, n. d.), when they became the official film of the event. This placed Fujifilm on the market permanently, and the company started taking over Kodak’s market share by offering equal quality products for a cheaper price (Fujifilm, n. d.). As Fujifilm prepared for the fast changing needs in the market, it widened its business scope to digital cameras, printers, photocopiers, and optical devices (Fujifilm, n. d.). It also tapped into the health sector, producing medical equipment that includes X-ray i maging and chemicals (Fujifilm, n. d.). Compare and Contrast the Approach to Management That Each Company has Pursued in Order to Embrace Innovation. Kodak’s failure to embrace innovation in a timely fashion could be blamed on its management’s approach. They seemed to â€Å"rule† from behind the desk from their Rochester headquarters, which made them ignorant about the coming changes in technology and customers’ needs, and how it would affect them. Even when they were advised that the move to digital technology was necessary, management still refused to take action. In fact, avoiding revolutionizing the technology they originally created is the main reason behind Kodak’s current troubles and loss of share in the market (Williams, 2013). Although they created the first ever digital camera back in 1975, top-level management rejected the idea in fear of losing its core business  in film. Looking back, this seems to be the turning point in the company’s fortune (Mui, 2012). The predicted change to digital technology 20 years later was seen as the far future, and as the company enjoyed success, leadership did not see a reason for change. In recent years, however, Kodak tried to change its management strategy in embracing innovation. They shifted to delocalize research and collect data, in order to gather more information about consumer preferences. They also diversified top-level management to ensure best skill input in each field, and implemented a more democratic management style that listens to staff suggestions and ideas (Williams, 2013). Fuji, on the other hand, took a different approach from the beginning; while they were successful in the film business, they prepared for the switch to digital technology and developed new business lines. Initially, they started off as a photography and imaging company, then diversified into different other products such as digital cameras, cosmetology, and medical equipment. This enabled Fujifilm to achieve profits depending on the preferences of their various customer bases. After its successful dominance in the Japanese market, Fujifilm realized the potential in venturing into the global market. The 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles marked the breakthrough point in this venture, when Fujifilm became the official film of the event. This provided the company the opportunity to get a growing portion of Kodak’s market share (Schum, 2012). A joint venture with the UK based Xerox (Fuji Xerox) helped establish further global production and sales. Their consolidated funds equipped both companies with capability for innovation, research & development, and investments. Determine what other management differences have impacted the relative success of Kodak and Fujifilm. Provide specific examples to support your response. Opposing to change by management was a major cause for the failure of Kodak. Even though they dropped the ball on the digital technology, Kodak got the credit for the digital invention. They felt their initial plans and strategy worked so well that change was not needed. The management team believed that its core strength was in the brand and marketing that they coul d just partner up with or buy into a new industry such as drug or chemicals. But without in-house guidance, Kodak lacked the ability to integrate the companies it had purchased and to negotiate profitable partnerships (Schum, 2012). Unlike Kodak, Fujifilm implemented its goals and ideas, and the company’s quick  reaction to change was an advantage over Kodak. The success of Fujifilm can be mainly associated with Management’s flexibility to be innovative and venture into new technology, which has put the company at the top of the photographic industry since its founding in 1934 (K.N.C., 2012). When Fuji realized that digital photography would be the way of the future, the company went through some changes to get away from the same type of marketing that Kodak was stuck on. Fuji still went through a number of years of losing profit because of making film manufacturing and sales its main business, but eventually Top Management had to implement new strategies. Evaluate each Company’s approach to Ethics and Social Responsibilities and the impact those approaches have had on each company’s profitability. In 2004, Kodak was ranked 58th out of the top 100 companies surveyed for the listing of, â€Å"Best Corporate Citizens†. This acknowledgement was given by Business Ethics Magazine, and according to the article, Kodak had been in the running for 5 years (Business ethics names, 2004). Some of the areas that Kodak was recognized for were for the company’s anti-discrimination policies, and its fair treatment of women and minorities (Business ethics names, 2004). From a social responsibility standpoint, Kodak contributes to, and supports a number of community organizations such as, the United Way, museums, cultural facilities, and performing arts organizations (Community affairs, 2013). The only aspect of poor social responsibility that I can apply to Kodak would be from the years of poor management decisions and a waste of money on a division of the company. Kodak did not prepare for the future, and ended up having to file bankruptcy, which stained the company’s image. Hopefully, Kodak management has learned from the mistakes of the past and be a respected brand. Kodak is committed to environmental, ethical, and social responsible operations that include maintaining safe work environment and providing quality products. Kodak’s single-use recycling programs help to avoid waste while saving resources and reducing cost of reusing the recycled material. All in effort to promote Kodak’s images as a trustworthy and thorough company. Fujifilm is obligated to ethics and social responsibility as well. The company’s mini-lab network provided them with benefits of international economic scales for both manufacturing and marketing operations (Tsurumi & Tsurum.,  1999). For example, Fujifilm’s cost of goods sold as a percentage of sales continued to decline from 1980’s to 1990’s, although it had to a bsorb repeated cost of imported silver materials. Fujifilm spent ten times more for advertisement than Kodak did in Japan (Japan Market Research, 1995). This ensures that these measures and values are integrated in all company procedures. They also implemented a transparency policy to keep the government and customers aware of its business activities. Discuss the extent to Which Management of both Companies adapted to changing Market conditions. From what I have researched and wrote about, Kodak stood firm in their traditions and was confident in their brand and marketing strategies. Kodak management had great inability to adapt to the changing marketing conditions when the signs were there for the future. That inability led them straight to bankruptcy (Schumpeter, 2012). Currently, the company is trying to reconstruct its strategies with a main focus on commercial printing. Fujifilm, on the other hand realized that major changes were necessary the coming of the new photographic film. Management made the appropriate moves to prepare for the future marketing conditions. They ability paid off. Fujifilm management team displayed the true value of innovation, strategy, and execution compared to Kodak management team. There diverse in-house expertise insured a smooth transformation (Schumpeter, 2012). Recommend three (3) ways any company should build in flexibility to back up its decision-making process in order to adapt to changing market conditions. An open mind: Management should have upward communication in its companies marketing strategy and decision making process. The lower-level management team gives the upper-level management team positive or negative feedback on the operation issues, problems, and performance of a company in order for all operations to run correctly and smoothly. Broad minded employees are open to new ideals and will be a great asset to the growth of any company or business. Global Expansion to Long Term-Planning: Designing their products according to the global market changes. Making comments to increase the products and services by constantly assessing and improving the processes used to create those products. By doing so, the company could expand in marketing faster, reliable, and satisfactory products in services to make customers return. Teamwork: Managers and non-managers collaborating with business owners, suppliers, employees, and customers working together to make improvements and solve problems in a company. Combining different skills and allowing employees to work together as a team to get a Clients order completed. References Bloomberg, (1998). Kodak-Fuji in U.S expected to heat up, New York. www.articleslatimes.com/1998/feb/16/busines/fuji.bloombergnews Fujifilm. (n.d). Fujifilm Global. Retrieved from http://www.fujifilm.com/ Kodak. (n.d). Building the Foundation. Kodak. Retrieved from http://www.kodak.com/ek/US/en/Our_Company/History_of_Kodak/Building_the_Found ation.htm Mui, C. (18 January, 2012). How Kodak Failed. Forbes. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/chunkamui/2012/01/18/how-kodak-failed Schumpeter,(2012). How Fuji film survived, www.economist.com/blogs/Schumpeter/2012/how- Fujifilm survived William, C (2012). Management: MGMT5. (5th ed.). Mason, OH) South-Western Cengage Learning Ziemba,S.(1996) articles about Fuji- chigogotribune.www.articles.chicogotribune.com/keyword/Fuji

Epoxy Resins Essays - Adhesives, Synthetic Resins, Free Essays

Epoxy Resins Essays - Adhesives, Synthetic Resins, Free Essays Epoxy Resins Epoxy resins The group of synthetic resins called epoxies produce the strongest adhesives in current use, as well as plastics and corrosion-resistant coatings. Epoxy adhesives are thermosetting; that is, after initial hardening, they cannot be remelted by heat. They have excellent resistance to solvents and weathering agents, and high electrical and temperature resistance. Their adhesion to almost any type of surfaceincluding metal, ceramic, wood, and fabricis unmatched. Epoxies are usually made by reacting epichlorohydrin and Bisphenol A to produce a polymer chain of somewhat complex structure. The end of the polymer chain is an epoxy group from epichlorohydrin; the resulting plastic receives its name from the end epoxy group. The unmodified epoxies are brittle; however, the properties of the cured resin can be varied widely by the selection of a suitable resin, curing agent, filler, and curing procedure. Flexible grades are modified with polyamines and polysulfides. Most epoxy formulations have two components that are mixed for curing. One-component epoxies are available that either contain a latent curing agent or are simply cured by absorption of oxygen from the air. Unlike most thermosetting plastics, epoxies shrink only slightly during curing. Epoxies can be used as filler-adhesives; the strength of the cemented joint is independent of its thickness. The epoxies are used as molding and potting compounds, reinforced plastics, surface finishes, and adhesives. Molding compounds are chiefly used by the electronic and electrical industries; potting compounds are poured to encapsulate small electronic parts. Epoxy paints have outstanding corrosion resistance and are permitted for use on food equipment such as flour bins and can coatings. Large and complex dies for the forming of metal sheet are made of epoxy and are often modified with powdered metal such as aluminum. Uses in construction include the repair and bonding of concrete and also epoxy terrazzo floors. Adolf Hitler Bibliography Lee, Henry, ed., Epoxy Resins (1970); Hilado, Carlos J., Carbon Reinforced Epoxy Systems (1984).

Hip replacement Essays

Hip replacement Essays Hip replacement Essay Hip replacement Essay Auxiliary roll was placed leg length Tanat Eden eternal operatively Ana a let lower extremity was prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion. No sequential compression was placed on the non-operative leg. The patients left hip was approached using the standard postural lateral surgical incision and approach the alliteration band and the glutens maximum fascia were incised and in lined with the incision. Deep charley retractor was placed. The patients posterior lateral soft tissues were elevated from the postural lateral femur and extending along the femoral head into the executable in an inverted hockey stick fashion. The sciatic nerve has been identified, palpated, and was kept protected during the procedure. The patients hip was dislocated. The femoral neck stilettos was performed at the level operatively attempting. Femoral head was removed was removed without difficulty. The executable was exposed and the structural labium was excised. The executable was reamed using mm and mm reamers. They sized mm trilogy streetcar shell was intact into a position with 45 degrees of abduction and approximately 20 degrees of introversion. Because of the patients posterior wall deficiency there was approximately 1 5 percent of the posterior aspect of the component uncovered. The patients cup was stable and it was elected to augment fixation with 2 structural screws placed into the Ilium. Good engagement of both screws was noted. The executable was irrigated prior to impaction of the cup. A 32 mm 10 degree posterior left structural liner was then packed into position with good engagements of the walking mechanism noted. The femur was the placed in internal rotation and preparation of the femoral canal was performed using anterior box stomped and charley all. Sequential reaming from mm to mm at 0. Mm increments were accomplished. The canal was broached with 10, 1 1, and 12 broaches with good rotational stability noted with the mm broach. Trial reductions was performed using the standard neck off stud and a +3. Mm femoral head. It was checked for stability and full extension with external rotation. 45 degree flexing with internal rotation at 90 degrees and flexing at 90 degrees with no impingement noted t 80 degrees of internal rotation. The hip could be flexed to approximately 110 degrees as well without evidence of instability. The limit on flexing was due to the patients soft tissues. The leg length was then reassessed and felt to be appropriate. The femur was dislocated. Trial broach and implants were removed. The femoral canal was prepared for leverage. A size 12 femoral Steen was then inserted it was indicated to a final settled position which was approximately mm from being fully seated. Trial reduction was performed with a +mm femoral head Page 3 ND excellent stability was noted in all positions as previously described. The trial femoral head was removed and Morse taper was cleaned and dried and a size mm pearl +Mum closes pearl Temporal nana was Impacted gallant ten Morse taper. I en head was relocated. The hip was thoroughly irrigated with pulsate leverage. The postural lateral soft tissue structures were repaired to the postural lateral femur through drill holes using 5. 0 Othello suture. The site and area was palpated and noted to be free from the repair. Deep reemission drain was placed. The Laotian band was closed using 1. Victory suture in an erupted fashion.

Was the Second Republic always destined to loose the war conflict in Research Paper

Was the Second Republic always destined to loose the war conflict in the Spanish Civil War - Research Paper Example The Spanish civil war started with a military revolution. The long history of intervention of military power and control in Spain has affected the political life of the country to great extent. The revolution of 17th July of 1936 became an intense one and used old instruments for the purpose of making significant political changes in the country. Josà © Sanjurjo was the leader of that time of the Second Spanish Republic. A group of generals who were under the leadership of Josà © Sanjurjo started the war through declaration of opposition. This opposition was declared against the government, against the President of that time Manuel Azaà ±a. Several conservative groups (most important of these groups were Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right) have supported this coup and created the revolution a significant revolution in the country. This revolution was the war between the new and the old. The war was against the democratic government of Spain which was ruling the country during 1930s. The war came to an end with the triumph of the Nationalists, more importantly conservative Nationalists. In this way the Second Spanish Republic came to an end in the 1st April, 139 when they were defeated by conservative Nationalists . This paper is aimed at describing a critical context of the loss of the Second Spanish Republic in the Spanish Civil War. It tries to answer the question, â€Å"Was the Second Republic always destined to loose the war conflict in the Spanish Civil War?† The background of the Spanish Civil War: The Spanish Civil War was a war in regard to the revolution of conservative nationalists against the democratic government of the country. ... This revolution was the war between the new and the old. The war was against the democratic government of Spain which was ruling the country during 1930s. The war came to an end with the triumph of the Nationalists, more importantly conservative Nationalists. In this way the Second Spanish Republic came to an end in the 1st April, 139 when they were defeated by conservative Nationalists1. This paper is aimed at describing a critical context of the loss of the Second Spanish Republic in the Spanish Civil War. It tries to answer the question, â€Å"Was the Second Republic always destined to loose the war conflict in the Spanish Civil War?† The background of the Spanish Civil War: The Spanish Civil War was a war in regard to the revolution of conservative nationalists against the democratic government of the country. The war began as military revolution and then it became the revolution of every citizen of the country and created significant political changes in the country. One of the most important features of this change was the demolition of the democratic government of the country and demolition of the Second Spanish Republic. At the time of revolution the country was facing several internal conflicts related to political, social, cultural and also to economic contexts. Various small revolts were going on in the country by reformists and conservative Nationalists. With the establishment of Spanish Constitution in 1812 the monarchy of the ancient regime has been abolished. This change led to the establishment of a compatible state with more ideologically constructed nature. After the creation of the Spanish Constitution and before

The future of online television Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The future of online television - Essay Example Definitely the television culture has been transforming rapidly to match the preferences of the consumer for very long. There have been tremendous changes in how they now look, function and the quality that they deliver. But will its era of victory over the radio last forever? Recently television industry is now almost paralleled with a major competitor- â€Å"internet†. A lot of surveys lately have shown how the number of people going online to watch television is increasing with a good percentage each year. But does this mean that the viewership of television in the conventional mode is going down? There are many reasons for why the trend of watching online media has shot-up but one of the major factors for it is the increasing awareness among people about the various utilities of the internet. Since the time when the internet was first invented its definition and purpose has transformed tremendously. Not only that the broad scope of internet is still unfolding by each passing day. The awareness among the people to use internet is picking up pace with every tick of the time. Not long back it meant only- sending and receiving of e-mail and chatting. But now there is whole virtual world out there where one can find everything possible as there are no boundaries to it. One can easily go on the internet and look for any episode, soap, movie, music, video and other kinds of media. It is as simple as a click in today’s world. The media consumers can watch anything that they want within seconds. The main advantage and why the culture of going online and watching television is rising because of the fact that almost everything is available on demand. Not only that such a provision has now become portable, there are mobile phones that support online applications like â€Å"yoututbe.com, hulu.com,† where it is possible to find anything that one is looking for at any time. Another option is â€Å"Laptop† which makes it very easy for the consumer to view

Gender and Marriage in Chinese culture Research Paper

Gender and Marriage in Chinese culture - Research Paper Example Generally, economic development is an umbrella key to understand environmental concern, gender differences in environmentally oriented behaviors, and environmental knowledge. Making use of interview analyses, I identified a pattern of gender differences where women demonstrated a high participation inside home while are concerned with economic role â€Å"Breadwinner† as opposed to environmental issues. Accordingly, gender differences in environmentally oriented patterns could further be understood in family perceptive where children adhere to witness and understand traditional practices. Most Chinese people believed that marriage customs is subject to the pressures of culture. Recently, I interviewed Angie who created great insights on gender and marriage customs in Chinese culture. Angie, 95 is an elderly woman who lives in one of the village in China. She spends most of her life teaching the young generation about the Chinese culture. In fact, she explained that her life exp erience has tremendously increased knowledge of understanding Chinese culture. From her dialogue, I could tell that Angie had profound information about gender issues and marriage customs in her culture. ... Angie continued to explain that women were less privileged in the society and men only counted the number of sons when questioned about the size of their family. Still, some families sold their daughters to wealthy families as slaves. As the Cultural Revolution took hold, Angie explained that women moved into the workforce, but with lower pay rates than men. To date, the Chinese society continues holding men responsible for providing basic needs while women taking care of their households. This discussion is similar to the broader literature of Jin, Li & Feldman (2006, p. 150) who in their research used theoretic perceptive regarding gender and environmental behaviors of Chinese. The study is further supported by Canchu (2010, p. 75) who argues that early childhood interaction render women to being sensitive to the needs of others, thus being more responsible to take on nurturing roles. By contrast, early socialization leads men to great value of achievement and independence. The vie w about interview dissemination created a platform to understand in depth gender issues in the Chinese culture. It is true with regard to Angie argument that women’s greater share of household duties have reduced their availability in the market place. The reverse effect has offset men and women to differ in their levels of contribution in the marketplace and domestic duties. However, Angie claimed that the Chinese government is emphasizing on gender equality as a major constituent of economic development. Following this, she affirmed that women have emerged in the market place to support their families. Overall, Angie created a platform for me to comprehend Chinese marriage ceremonies and customs. She derived her argument from ancient times to make me understand about Chinese

Applied linguistics Essay Example for Free

Applied linguistics Essay Applied linguistics 1 History The term applied linguistics dates back at least to the 1940s in the USA when linguists applied analytical methods to the practical problems of producing grammars and phrasebooks and developing language courses. 2 What Is Applied Linguistics? Applied linguistics: (1) was interdisciplinary, drawing on psychology, sociology, and pedagogy as well as theoretical linguistics; (2) included a range of fields including lexicography, stylistics, speech pathol ogy, translation, language policy, and planning among others; (3) performed a mediating function between theory and practice. Ð pplied linguistics must take into consideration the nature of language and the nature of the particular world in which language is used, the beliefs, social institutions, and culture of its users, and how these influence language use. Ideally, the job of an applied linguist is to diagnose a problem in real-world language use, bring the insights of linguistics to bear on the problem, and suggest solutions. 3 Relation of Theory and Practice: the Case of Language Teaching The applied linguist stands at the intersection of theory and practice, but it is not always clear how the applied linguist mediates between the two. This suggests a one-way street in which theory is at the starting point, and the applied linguist directs traffic from theory to practice. Influenced by structuralism in linguistics and by behaviorism in psychology, applied linguists believed that language was a collection of discrete learnable structures, speaking was primary, and learning a language was a matter of correct habit formation. To inculcate correct habits, teachers drilled students incessantly in correct pronunciation and patterned practice of grammatical structures. Under the influence of the theoretical work of Noam Chomsky, applied  linguists saw language learning as a cognitive process of hypothesis testing, in which errors indicated the stage of the language learner’s interlanguage. Instead, knowing a language means knowing how to communicate in the language; it involves acquiring â€Å"communicative competence. † A richer model of the relationship among theory, practice, and applied linguistics sees it as a two-way street in which the applied linguist directs traffic from theory into practice and from practice into theory. Similarly in applied linguistics, practice provides a testing ground for theory,  but it is more than that: real-world language use provides new questions and issues requiring new theories. 4 Recent Range of Inquiry Nevertheless, the central characteristics of applied linguistics remain: (1) focus on contextualized language use; (2) application of theory to practice and vice versa; (3) practical problem-based approach; (4) multidisciplinary perspective. 4. 1 Second language teaching and cross-cultural linguistics 2Accurate description of language use with the ultimate goal of teaching has motivated research in cross-cultural discourse and pragmatics. Concentration on  spoken language, combined with speech act theory among others, has engendered numerous research projects in applied linguistics investigating specific speech acts such as making requests and apologies in different languages and cultures. Applied linguists have examined the development of pragmatic competence in second language learners and the possibilities for teaching pragmatics. 4. 2 Language use in context: contributions of discourse analysis Outside the area of language pedagogy, the burgeoning of discourse analysis has provided a means whereby linguistic insight can be applied to real-world situations. Other institutional and professional settings, too, have come under scrutiny from applied linguists using theoretical constructs to explain how language is used in real-world settings such as commerce, employment, and public services. A field that has developed considerably in recent years in response to societal concerns is the investigation of language and gender. Recent empirical studies have enriched understanding of the interrelationship of language and gender and demonstrated that generalizations about male and female speech are unreliable when the particular communicative contexts in which the speech occurs have not been examined. Other work has examined gender and language cross-culturally and in specific institutional settings. 4. 3 Language maintenance and endangered languages and dialects The work of applied linguists on endangered or minority languages and dialects brings together field linguistics, anthropology, sociolinguistics and education. For example, a longitudinal study of language use and cultural context draws together sociolinguistic research into language use, research in language socialization, and second language acquisition research into educational discourse. It is not only minority languages that are under threat, but also dialects. 2. Contemporary linguistic approaches: Clinical, forensic, computational linguistics ( Ð ²Ã'‹Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã' Ã »Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã °Ã'  )( 29, 30, 25) We have chosen to focus on four relatively popular areas of inquiry: †¢ syntactic parsing; †¢ discourse analysis; †¢ computational morphology and phonology; †¢ corpus-based methods. Parsing and discourse analysis have had the longest continuous history of investigation. Computational morphology and phonology began to grow as a separate discipline in the mid-1980s. Corpus-based approaches were investigated as early as the 1960s. 1 Parsing (Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã ±Ã ¾Ã'€) Parsing is the act of determining the â€Å"syntactic structure† of a sentence. The goal is to represent â€Å"who did what to whom† in the sentence. Parsing involves tagging 3the words with an appropriate syntactic category and determining their relationships to each other. Words are grouped into phrase-like constituents, which are arranged into clauses and sentences. Machine translation systems employ parsing to derive representations of the input that are sufficient for transfer from the source to target language at either the syntactic or semantic level. A great deal of attention to the application of syntactic parsing models for language modeling for automatic speech recognition. 2 Discourse Analysis. The area of discourse analysis is concerned with inferring the intended meanings of utterances. In order for the dialogue participants to successfully carry out a dialogue, they must be able to recognize the intentions of the other participant’s utterances, and to produce their responses in such a way that will enable the other participant(s) to recognize their intentions. A recipe is a generic template for performing a particular action. The recipe library contains a collection of generic recipes, and during discourse understanding, the plan inference module attempts to infer utterance intentions and relationships using  information provided by this library. 3 Computational Morphology and Phonology Roughly speaking, the topics can be classified into computational morphology, which treats the analysis of word structure; and computational phonology, which, deals with the changes in sound patterns that take place when words are put together. 4 Corpus-based Methods The word corpus in linguistics is typically a collection of texts. Corpora have been widely used by linguists to identify and analyze language phenomena, and to verify or refute claims about language. However, a corpus also reveals important  quantitative information about the distribution of various language phenomena. 29 Clinical Linguistics Clinical linguistics is the application of the linguistic sciences to the study of language disability. 1 Identifying Linguistic Symptoms Attention has now come to be focused on important symptoms of language disability, and to those aspects of the problem which have been ignored or misdiagnosed. â€Å"Less noticeable† refers to any feature other than the audible qualities of pronunciation, the order and omission of surface grammatical elements, and the actual items which constitute vocabulary. These features exclude  most of the properties of phonological systems, the sense relations between lexical items, the constraints operating on discourse in interaction, and the many ramifications of underlying syntactic structure. All of these play a major part in identifying the various kinds of language disability. The use of a clinical linguistic frame of reference has also enabled people to make progress in identifying disorders of language comprehension. That requires careful testing and the controlling of variables. Disorders of a pragmatic kind, likewise, 4 have often remained undiagnosed, or have been misdiagnosed as problems of a  psychological or social behavioral type. 2 The Role of Clinical Linguistics 2. 2 Description A major area of clinical linguistic research has been to provide ways of describing and analyzing the linguistic behavior of patients, and of the clinicians and others who interact with them. 2. 3 Diagnosis An important aim of clinical linguistics is to provide a classification of patient linguistic behaviors. This can provide an alternative diagnostic model, and one which is more able to provide insights about intervention in cases where there is no clear evidence of any medical condition. 2. 4 Assessment (Ð ¾Ã'†Ð µÃ ½Ã ºÃ °). Clinical linguistics has also been much involved in devising more sophisticated assessments of abnormal linguistic behavior. A diagnosis tells us what is â€Å"wrong† with a patient; an assessment tells us just how seriously the patient is â€Å"wrong. † 2. 5 Intervention The ultimate goal is to formulate hypotheses for the remediation (Ð ¾Ã ·Ã ´Ã ¾Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã »Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ) of abnormal linguistic behavior. Not all aspects of a patient’s problem are directly relevant to the need for linguistically based intervention, clinical linguistics can help clinicians to make an informed judgment about â€Å"what to teach next,† and to monitor the outcome of an intervention hypothesis, as  treatment proceeds. To a large extent, moving well beyond the patient’s language, to include an investigation of the language used by the person(s) carrying out the intervention, the kind of teaching materials used, and the setting in which the interaction takes place. 3 Linguistic Insights The chief aim of clinical linguistics is to provide the clinician with increasing levels of insight and confidence in arriving at linguistic decisions. The three pillars of any clinical linguistic approach: description – grading – intervention. All change needs to be regularly monitored, to demonstrate that progress is being made – this  is the task of assessment. The keeping of comprehensive linguistic records is a further priority, without which the efficacy of intervention can never be demonstrated. Forensic Linguistics Now linguists also have begun examining voice identification, authorship of written documents, unclear jury instructions, the asymmetry of power in courtroom exchanges, lawyer–client communication breakdown, the nature of perjury, problems in written legal discourse, defamation, trademark infringement, courtroom interpretation and translation difficulties, the adequacy of warning  labels, and the nature of tape recorded conversation used as evidence. 1 Trademark Infringement Typically, they respond to requests of attorneys to help them with their law cases. 2 Product Liability 5But the linguist, calling on knowledge of discourse analysis, semantics, and pragmatics, can determine the extent to which the message was clear and unambiguous and point out the possible meanings that the message presents. Once this is done, it is up to the attorney to determine whether or not to ask the linguist to testify at trial. 3 Speaker Identification Linguists have been used by attorneys in matters of voice identification. If the tapes are of sufficient quality, spectographic analysis is possible. If not, the linguist may rely on training and skills in phonetics to make the comparison. 4 Authorship of Written Documents Law enforcement agencies process provide a â€Å"psychological profile† of the person. Calling on knowledge of language indicators of such things as regional and social dialect, age, gender, education, and occupation, linguists analyze documents for broad clues to the identity of the writer. Stylistic analysis centers on a writer’s habitual language features over which the writer has little or no conscious awareness. 5 Criminal Cases Suspects are recorded with court authorized wire taps placed that none of the speakers is aware of being taped, or by using body microphones and engage suspects in conversation. If the law enforcement agency is concerned about the adequacy of the language evidence that they have gathered, they may call on a linguist to make transcripts of the conversations, analyze them. The tape recorded conversation itself points to the use of the other tools of the forensic linguist, including syntax, morphology, semantics, pragmatics, dialectology, and discourse analysis. 3. Discourse analysis (17) Discourse analysis is concerned with the contexts in and the processes through which we use oral and written language to specific audiences, for specific purposes, in specific settings. 1 What Is Discourse? A Preliminary Characterization The big D concerns general ways of viewing the world and general ways of behaving, the small d concerns actual, specific language use. Discourse analysis emphasizes that language is not merely a self-contained system of symbols but a mode of doing, being, and becoming. Discourse research can be divided into 2 major types of inquiries: (1) why some but not other linguistic forms are used on  given occasions and (2) what are the linguistic resources for accomplishing various social, affective, and cognitive actions and interactions. 2 Communicative Motivations for the Selection of Linguistic Forms Language is inseparable from other aspects of our life and that the selection of linguistic forms should be explained in terms of authentic human communicative needs (i. e. , social, interactional, cognitive, affective needs). 2. 1 Context 6One of the first questions is what is happening in this stretch of talk, who the participants are, where they are, and why they are there. Linguistic choices are  systematically motivated by contextual factors. Context is a complex of 3 dimensions: First, the field of social action in which the discourse is embedded. Second, the set of role relations among the participants. And third, the role of language in the interaction. In this view, language is a system of choices made on the basis of a contextual configuration which accounts for field, tenor, and mode. 2. 3 Speech act What kind of speech act utterance is and whether this act is accomplished through direct or indirect means. Speech act theory says that language is used not only to describe things but to do things as well. Further, utterances act on 3 different levels: the literal level (locutionary act), the implied level (illocutionary act), and the consequence of the implied act (perlocutionary act). 2. 4 Scripts / plans Script is to describe the knowledge that we have of the structure of stereotypical event sequences. If such knowledge can be described in a formal way, then we may have a theory of how humans process natural language. 2. 5 Referentiality How entities (Ð »Ã ¸Ã'†Ð °) are referred to in utterances. Some analysts are interested in how referential forms make a stretch of discourse cohesive in form and coherent in meaning. 2. 6 Topicality and thematicity What is an utterance about, what is the starting point of a message, what is the focus of a message. Topic the part of the utterance about which something is said. Prague School linguists developed the functional sentence perspective which says that word order has to do with how informative each element in the utterance is – communicative dynamism, or CD. A sentence begins with elements with the lowest CD and ends with those with the highest CD. Theme is the part of the utterance with the lowest degree of CD. 2. 7 Sequential organization The sequential context of the utterance. Discourse analysts have sought to explain linguistic choices in terms of ethnographic contexts, knowledge structure, rhetorical organization, communicative intentions, textual organization, information management and sequential organization, among others. Discourse Analysis, Linguistics, and More Discourse analysts research various aspects of language not as an end in itself, but as a means to explore ways in which language forms are shaped by and shape the contexts of their use. Further, discourse analysis draws upon not only linguistics, but also anthropology, sociology, psychology, philosophy, cognitive science, and  other disciplines in the humanities and social sciences concerned with human communication. Discourse analysis promotes a view of language which says that 7 Resource Center Saved Recents Uploads My Answers Account Products Home Essays Drive Answers Texty About Company Legal Site Map Contact Us Advertise  ©2016 StudyMode. com HOME   ESSAYS   LINGUISTICS   LINGUISTICS Linguistics Applied linguistics, Discourse analysis, Language By maor87 Apr 17, 2015 6489Words 150Views More info PDF View Text View PAGE8 OF 18 language use is not only reflective of other aspects of our lives but is also constitutive of them. As it draws insights from various disciplines, it also contributes to interfacing linguistics with other domains of inquiries, such that we might now investigate the construction of culture through conversation or program computers to generate interactive texts based on our understanding of the rules and principles of human interaction. It focusses on language as it is used by real people with real intentions, emotions. 4. Linguistics and pragmatics (16) The Puzzle of Language Use: How Do We Ever Understand Each Other? Pragmatics is the study of communication – the study of how language is used. This study is based on the assumption of a division between knowledge of language and the way it is used; and the goal of pragmatics is providing a set of principles which dictate how knowledge of language and general reasoning interact in the process of language understanding, to give rise to different kinds of effects which can be achieved in communication. Pragmatics as the Application of Conversational Principles to Sentence Meanings The starting point for studies in pragmatics is the mismatch between what words â€Å"mean, and what speakers â€Å"mean† by using them. There is the knowledge of  language, which dictates the meanings of words and the ways in which they can combine. This is called the encoded meaning. On the other hand, there are pragmatic principles which enable a hearer to establish some different interpretation – the nonencoded part of meaning. Moreover, given the full array of rhetorical effects such as metaphor, irony, etc. , all of which are uses of expressions in context in some sense, the proposed approach maintains a natural separation between literal uses of words, which are reflected in sentence-meanings, and the various non-literal uses to which they may be put. Knowledge of language: sentence-meanings as partial specifications of interpretation The problem for this â€Å"clean† view is that we use commonsense reasoning, whatever this consists in, not merely in working out why a speaker has said something, but also in establishing what she has said in using the words chosen. The overall picture of interpretation is that grammar-internal principles articulate both syntactic and semantic structure for sentences, a semantic structure for a sentence being an incomplete specification of how it is understood. Pragmatic theory explains how such incomplete specifications are enriched in context to yield  the full communicative effect of an uttered sentence, whether metaphorical, ironical, and so on. The Process of Reasoning: How Do Hearers ever Manage to Choose the Right Interpretation? Grice’s cooperative principle and the conversational maxims According to Grice who was the pioneer of the inferential approach to conversation, there is a general assumption underpinning all utterance interpretation that the interpretation of utterances is a collaborative enterprise. This 8collaborative enterprise is structured by a number of maxims, which speakers are presumed to obey: †¢ The maxim of quality: do not say that for which you lack evidence; do not say what you believe to be false. †¢ The maxim of relevance: be relevant. †¢ The maxim of quantity: make your contribution as informative as is required, but not more so. †¢ The maxim of manner: be perspicuous (avoid obscurity, avoid ambiguity, be brief, be orderly). Grice articulated the maxims as a means of simplifying the overall account of the relation between the use of language in logical arguments and the conversational use of language. Relevance theory This theory claims to characterize pragmatic phenomena in terms of a single  cognitive concept, that of relevance, replacing the social underpinnings of Grice’s cooperative principle. The principle of relevance Optimal relevance is getting the right balance between size and type of context and amount of information derived. The more information some stimulus yields, the more relevant it is said to become, but the more effort the interpretation of that stimulus requires, the less relevant it will become. And to be minimally relevant a stimulus must lead to at least one non-trivial inference being derived. However interpretation of an act of communication involves two agents – the  speaker and the hearer. The constraint of balancing cognitive effect with cognitive effort will also apply to what the hearer does, but here the task of interpretation is more specific because the hearer has to try and recover what the speaker intended to convey. There are two aspects to the task: 1 Decoding the information associated with an uttered expression– i. e. working out what words have been said and the information that they by definition carry. 2 Making choices which enrich that encoded information to establish what the speaker had intended to convey using those words. Relevance and speech acts  On the speech act view of language, language can best be understood in terms of acts such as these which speakers carry out in using language. The observation by speech act theorists that there is more to language than just describing things is quite uncontentious. Nonetheless, in relevance theory, where the type of implications that can be drawn is quite unrestricted, there is no need of any special discrete categories for such different kinds of act. 5. Linguistic typology and its directions (14) 1 The Diversity of Human Languages The field of linguistic typology explores the diversity of human language in an  effort to understand it. The basic principle behind typology is that one must look at as wide a range of languages as possible in order to grasp both the diversity of 9language and to discover its limits. Typology uses a fundamentally empirical, comparative, and inductive method in the study of language. That is, typologists examine grammatical data from a wide variety of languages, and infer generalizations about language from that data. The basic discovery of typology is that there are limits to linguistic diversity. By comparing diverse languages and discovering universal grammatical patterns, one can attempt to disentangle what is  universal about the grammars languages from what is peculiar to each individual language. 2 The Nature of Language Universals: Word Order One of the first areas of grammar where it was recognized that there are limits to grammatical diversity was the order of words. Word order is probably the most immediately salient difference in grammatical patterns from one language to the next. First, one must examine a sample of languages in order to infer the range of grammatical diversity and its limits. A variety sample collects as broad a range of languages as possible from different geographical areas and different genetic  groupings. Its purpose is to ensure that all possible language types are identified. Second, one must be able to identify phenomena from one language to the next as comparable. The basic problem here is the great variety of grammatical structures used in the world’s languages. The solution to this problem is due to another insight of structuralism: the basic unit of the language is the sign, a form that conventionally expresses or encodes a meaning. The basis for cross-linguistic comparison is a particular linguistic meaning; once that is identified, we may examine the different structures used to encode that meaning. Third, we must identify a range of grammatical patterns or types used to express the linguistic meaning being examined, and classify languages according to what type(s) is / are used in them. For instance, in describing word order of the sentence, the relative position of subject (S), object (O), and verb (V) are used to classify language types. Language structure is determined by factors of language use, such as processing. Language structure is also determined by historical relationships among grammatical patterns, which themselves are due to similarity in meaning. However, these factors do not uniquely determine a language structure, but  compete with each other. Speech communities resolve the competing motivations in arbitrary, language-particular ways; this leads to the diversity of languages found in the world. 3 Language Universals and the Formal Encoding of Meaning Word order universals appear to be motivated in terms of processing of linguistic structure in the act of producing and comprehending language. Word order is a fundamental grammatical property of sentences. 3. 1 Typological markedness and morphological representation 10Some of the earliest work in typology examined the coding of grammatical and  lexical concepts in inflected word forms. The universals go under the name of (typological) markedness. Typological markedness represents an asymmetric pattern of the expression of meaning in grammatical categories across languages. Typological markedness has two central characteristics. First, typological markedness is a property of conceptual categories – e. g. singular and plural – or more precisely, how those conceptual categories are expressed in languages. For number, the singular is unmarked and the plural is marked. Second, unmarked status does not imply that the unmarked member is always left unexpressed and the marked member is always expressed by an overt morpheme. The presence / absence of an overt inflection encoding a conceptual category is only one symptom of markedness, namely structural coding. Typological markedness is found in another aspect of the coding of concepts in words and constructions. Most words in sentences express more than one conceptual category. Pronouns in English, for instance, can express gender as well as number. In English, neither the singular nor plural pronouns express number by a separate inflection; instead number is implicitly expressed by distinct forms such as he and  they. The grammatical coding of additional, cross-cutting, distinctions in the singular but not in the plural is an example of the second symptom of markedness, called behavioral potential. Behavioral potential is also represented by an implicational universal: If the marked member of a category grammatically expresses a crosscutting distinction, so does the unmarked member. A third property of typological markedness points to its underlying explanation. The unmarked member is more frequent than the marked member in language use. Concepts that occur more frequently in language use (e. g. singular) will tend to be expressed by fewer morphemes than less frequently occurring concepts (e. g. plural). This explanation for how meaning is encoded in grammatical form is a processing explanation, called economy or economic motivation. 3. 2 Hierarchies and conceptual spaces We can describe the cross-linguistic distribution of plural markings across classes of pronouns and nouns with the animacy hierarchy. The hierarchy is a succinct way to capture a chain of implicational universals: if any class of words has a plural, then all the classes to the left (or higher) on the hierarchy have a plural. These  patterns are defined over a conceptual space. The conceptual space describes a network of relationships among conceptual categories which exist in the human mind and which constrains how conceptual categories are expressed in grammar. Grammatical change must follow the links in conceptual space. For instance, a plural marking spreads from left to right in the animacy space. Conceptual spaces specify what grammatical category groupings are found in, and how constructions spread (or retreat) over time in their application to grammatical categories. If we compare absence vs. presence of case marking on nouns for the grammatical  11 relations hierarchy, we find that absence of case marking occurs at he higher end of the hierarchy, and presence thereof at the lower end of the hierarchy. The grammatical relations hierarchy also defines the distribution of verb agreement across languages. Verb agreement is associated with the higher end of the grammatical relations hierarchy – the ability to trigger verb agreement indicates the greater behavioral potential of the grammatical relation. These facts demonstrate that the two grammatical relations hierarchies in fact reflect a deeper cross-linguistic universal pattern, found in many different parts of the grammar of languages. 3. 3 Economy and iconicity Economic motivation: the more frequently used category is more likely to be reduced in expression or left unexpressed. Iconic motivation the structure of language reflects the structure of concepts. In the example, each conceptual category, both singular and plural, are overtly encoded in the word form. A subtype of iconicity called isomorphism: the correspondence between forms and meanings. There are two ways in which isomorphism occur in human languages. The first way is in the correspondence of forms and meanings in the combination of words and inflections in a sentence. This is called syntagmatic isomorphism. Economic and iconic motivation compete to produce the range of attested and unattested correspondences between form and meaning. There are 3 predicted patterns. Overt expression is iconically motivated: there is a one-to-one correspondence between meanings and forms. However, it is only moderately economically motivated: it is more economical than expressing a meaning with more than one word or morpheme, but less economical than not expressing the meaning at all. Non-expression of a particular meaning, such as the singular of English nouns like car-O (vs.plural book-s), is economically motivated: zero expression breaks one-to-one correspondence between forms and meanings. The third possible option, zero marking of both singular and plural, corresponds to the absence of expression of the category. This option is economically motivated: either the meaning can be inferred from context, or it is not relevant to the communication. There is another economically motivated pattern of expressing meaning in form: the combination or fusion of discrete meanings in a single form. For example, the suffix -s in English run-s indicates 3rd person subject, singular  subject and present tense, all in a single suffix. In other languages, inflectional categories are found in separate suffixes, as in Turkish. The second type of isomorphism is the correspondence between form and meaning in the inventory of words stored in the mind; paradigmatic isomorphism. 12The possible means of expression of meanings in words are limited by economy and iconicity. Unmotivated possibility: the existence of more than one word with the same meaning, synonymy. It is not iconically motivated. A one-to-one match between a word and a meaning is called monosemy. It isiconic ally motivated but not that economically motivated: we would need very many words to express each discrete meaning. Homonymy is economically motivated, but it is not iconically motivated (many unrelated meanings are expressed by a single form). By far the most common state of affairs in languages, however, is polysemy: the grouping of related meanings under a single form. Polysemy is economically motivated because it subsumes several meanings under a single form, as with homonymy. It is iconically motivated, because the meanings are related. 4 The Dynamic Approach to Language Universals The most common word.